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Understanding the 16 Hindu Life Rituals: What they are, Why they’re performed, and How they shape a person’s life from Birth to Death
षोडश संस्काराः
From conception to completion of the life-cycle, sixteen sacred steps refine a soul’s journey.
These are the Śoḍaśa Saṁskāras - the essence of a life lived in dharma and purity.
Not just tradition, it is a transformation. The journey of life guided by the 16 lamps of सनातन धर्म. 16
milestones
- 16 sacraments.
Let's dive deeper and rise wiser -
गर्भाधानं पुंसवनं सीमन्तो जातकर्म च।
नामक्रियानिष्क्रमणेऽन्नाशनं वपनक्रिया॥
कर्णवेधो व्रतादेशो वेदारम्भक्रियाविधिः।
केशान्तः स्नानमुद्वाहो विवाहाग्निपरिग्रहः॥
त्रेताग्निसङ्ग्रहश्चेति संस्काराः षोडश स्मृताः॥
Transliteration:
garbhādhānaṃ puṃsavanaṃ sīmanto jātakarma
ca|
nāmakriyāniṣkramaṇe’nnāśanaṃ vapanakriyā||
karṇavedho vratādeśo vedārambhakriyāvidhiḥ|
keśāntaḥ snānamudvāho vivāhāgniparigrahaḥ||
tretāgnisaṅgrahaśceti saṃskārāḥ ṣoḍaśa smṛtāḥ||
Hindi Translation:
व्यासस्मृति के अनुसार गर्भाधान, पुंसवन,
सीमन्तोन्नयन, जातकर्म, नामकरण, निष्क्रमण, अन्नप्राशन, मुंडन, कर्णवेध, उपनयन, शास्त्रीय अध्ययन, केशान्त,
गृहस्थाश्रम में प्रवेश, विवाह, विवाहाग्नि का परिग्रह तथा अन्त्येष्टि ये १६ संस्कार माने जाते हैं।
English Translation:
According to Vyāsasmṛtiḥ, the
pre-conception rite, prenatal rite, pregnancy rite, birth rite, naming ceremony, first exposure in the sun,
first solid food, first hair cut, ear piercing, upanayana, approaching a preceptor, beard shaving, graduation,
marriage, the sacred marriage fire and funeral constitute the 16 holy sacraments.
व्यासस्मृतिः १|१३-१५
1. गर्भाधानम् /garbhādhānaṃ/pre-conception -
गर्भाधानं प्रथमः।
Transliteration:
garbhādhānaṃ prathamaḥ|
Hindi Translation:
गर्भाधान पहला संस्कार है।
English Translation:
The pre-conception rite is the first
sacrament.
व्यासस्मृतिः १|१७
The Pre-Conception Rite invokes a pure and virtuous child. Chants, prayers, an Ayurvedic diet, positive thinking, Yoga, and meditation ensure physical and spiritual readiness before pregnancy begins. This ceremony is performed at an appropriate time after marriage, following Vedic rituals, worship, and prayers. The couple prays to God for a virtuous, healthy, and cultured child. Through chanting and religious rituals, mental purification, positive thinking, and marital harmony are emphasised . Thus, the Garbhadhan ceremony symbolises the continuity of life and the sacred continuation of the family lineage.
Mantras recited in this Saṁskāra:-
विष्णुर्योनिं कल्पयतु त्वष्टा रूपाणि पिंशतु।
आ सिञ्चतु प्रजापतिर्धाता गर्भं दधातु ते॥
Transliteration:
viṣṇuryoniṃ kalpayatu tvaṣṭā rūpāṇi
piṃśatu
ā siñcatu prajāpatirdhātā garbhaṃ dadhātu te
Hindi Translation:
विष्णु गर्भ का निर्माण करें, त्वष्टा
गर्भस्थ बालक के भिन्न-भिन्न अङ्गों का निर्माण करें,
प्रजापति बीज बोएं, धाता आपके भ्रूण का पालन-पोषण
करें।
English Translation:
May Vishnu create the womb, may
Tvashta create the various parts of the body,
may Prajapati sow the seed, may Dhata nurture your embryo.
ऋग्वेद १०|१८४|१
2. पुंसवनम्/Puṁsavana/Prenatal Rite -
तृतीये मासि पुंसवः।
Transliteration:
ṛtīye māsi puṃsavaḥ|
Hindi Translation:
पुंसवन संस्कार गर्भावस्था के तीसरे
महीने में किया जाता है।
English Translation:
The Prenatal Rite is done in the
third month of pregnancy.
व्यासस्मृतिः १|१७
Mantras recited in this Saṁskāra:-
हिर॒ण्य॒ग॒र्भः सम॑वर्त॒ताग्रे॑ भू॒तस्य॑ जा॒तः
पति॒रेक॑ आसीत्।
स दा॑धार पृथि॒वीं द्यामु॒तेमा कस्मै॑ दे॒वाय॑ हविषा॑ विधेम॥
Transliteration:
hira̱ṇya̱ga̱rbhaḥ
sama̍varta̱tāgre̍ bhū̱tasya̍ jā̱taḥ pati̱reka̍ āsīt|
sa dā̍dhāra pṛthi̱vīṃ dyāmu̱temā kasmai̍ de̱vāya̍ haviṣā̍ vidhema||
Hindi Translation:
आदि में समस्त प्राणियों के
स्वामी, हिरण्यगर्भ का उदय हुआ। उन्होंने पृथ्वी और आकाश को धारण किया।
उस दिव्य पुरुष को हम अपनी
आहुति अर्पित करते हैं।
English Translation:
In the beginning arose the
Golden Embryo, the Lord of all beings. He upheld the earth and the heavens.
To that divine One
we offer our oblation.
ऋग्वेद १०|१२१|१
आ वीरो जायतां पुत्रस्ते दशमास्यः।
Transliteration:
ā vīro jāyatāṃ putraste
daśamāsyaḥ|
Hindi Translation:
दसवें महीने में तुम्हारा पुत्र
(संतान) वीर बालक पैदा हो।
English Translation:
In the tenth month, may your
son (offspring) be born a brave child.
आश्वलायन-गृह्यसूत्रम् १|१३|६
3. सीमन्तोन्नयनम्/Sīmantonnayanam/Pregnancy Rite -
सीमन्तश्चाष्टमे मासि।
Transliteration:
sīmantaścāṣṭame māsi|
Hindi Translation:
सीमन्तोन्नयन संस्कार
गर्भावस्था के आठवें महीने में किया जाता है।
English Translation:
The Pregnancy Rite is done
in the eighth month of pregnancy.
व्यासस्मृतिः १|१७
Mantras recited in this Saṁskāra:-
ॐ येनादितेः सीमानं नयति प्रजापतिर्महते सौभगाय।
तेनाहमस्यै सीमानं नयामि प्रजामस्यै जरदष्टिं कृणोमि॥
Transliteration:
ॐ येनादितेः सीमानं नयति
प्रजापतिर्महते सौभगाय।
तेनाहमस्यै सीमानं नयामि प्रजामस्यै जरदष्टिं कृणोमि॥
Hindi Translation:
जिस शक्ति से प्रजापति
पृथ्वी की सीमा और मर्यादा इस प्रकार निर्धारित करते हैं कि उससे संसार का सौभाग्य और कल्याण होता
है,
उसी शक्ति से मैं आपकी सीमा और मर्यादा निर्धारित करता हूँ ताकि आपकी संतान दीर्घायु हो
वृद्धावस्था तक जीनेवाला हो।
English Translation:
With the same power with
which Prajapati determines the boundaries and limits of the earth in such a way that it results
in the good fortune and welfare of the world,
with the same power, I determine your
boundaries and limits so that your children live a long life.
मन्त्रब्राह्मणम् १|५|२
4. जातकर्म/Jātakarma/Birth Rite -
जाते जातक्रिया भवेत्।
Transliteration:
jāte jātakriyā bhavet|
Hindi Translation:
जातकर्म संस्कार संतान के
जन्म के बाद किया जाता है।
English Translation:
The Birth Rite is done
once the offspring is born.
व्यासस्मृतिः १|१७
प्राङ्नाभिवर्धनात्पुन्सो जातकर्म विधीयते।
मन्त्रवत्प्राशनं चास्य हिरण्यमधुसर्पिषास्॥
Transliteration:
prāṅnābhivardhanātpunso
jātakarma vidhīyate|
mantravatprāśanaṃ cāsya hiraṇyamadhusarpiṣās||
Hindi Translation:
बच्चे का जातकर्म नाल कटने
से पूर्व करें और उसे स्वर्ण मधु और घृत का प्राशन वेदमन्त्रोच्चारण के सहित से करवाएं।
English Translation:
Perform the child's
Birth Ceremony before the umbilical cord is cut and make the child drink golden honey
and
ghee while chanting Vedic mantras.
The Birth Rite is performed to welcome the newborn and awaken its life force. Traditionally, this ceremony is performed before the umbilical cord is cut. In this ritual, the father or priest whispers auspicious mantras, such as ॐ भूर्भुवः स्वः (oṃ bhūrbhuvaḥ svaḥ) into the newborn's ear and feeds him a mixture of honey and ghee, considered a symbol of wisdom and health. On this occasion, the deities are invoked and blessings are sought for the child's longevity, health, happiness, and prosperity. During the ritual, the parents and family express gratitude and joy at the arrival of the baby. Thus, the Jatakarma ritual marks a sacred and auspicious beginning to the newborn's life.
Mantras recited in this Saṁskāra:-
मेधां ते देवः सविता मेधां देवी सरस्वती।
मेधां ते अशिनौ देवावाधत्तां पुष्करस्रजाविति॥
Transliteration:
medhāṃ te devaḥ savitā
medhāṃ devī sarasvatī|
medhāṃ te aśinau devāvādhattāṃ puṣkarasrajāviti||
Hindi Translation:
भगवान सावितृ तुम्हें
मेधा प्रदान करें। देवी सरस्वती तुम्हें मेधा प्रदान करें।
कमल माला धारण करने वाले अश्विन
तुम्हें मेधा प्रदान करें।
English Translation:
May the Lord Savitru
bestow awakening upon you. May Goddess Sarasvatī bestow awakening upon you.
May the
Ashvinas who hold lotus garlands bestow awakening upon you.
5. नामकरणम्/Nāmakaraṇam/Naming Ceremony -
नामधेयं दशम्यां तु द्वादश्यां वास्य कारयेत्।
पुण्ये तिथौ मुहूर्ते वा नक्षत्रे वा गुणान्विते॥
Transliteration:
nāmadheyaṃ daśamyāṃ tu
dvādaśyāṃ vāsya kārayet|
puṇye tithau muhūrte vā nakṣatre vā guṇānvite||
Hindi Translation:
शिशु का दसवें या
बारहवें दिन नामकरण कराएं। यदि इन दिनों में न हो पाए तो किसी पुण्य तिथि,
शुभ मुहूर्त और
श्रेष्ठ गुण वाले नक्षत्र में कराए।
English Translation:
The naming ceremony
should be performed on the tenth or twelfth day of the baby's birth.
If this is not possible on these days, it should be done on an auspicious date, auspicious
time, or a constellation with good qualities.
मनुस्मृतिः २|३०
The naming ceremony is performed between the 10th and 12th day after birth to confirm the child's identity and destiny. On this day, the child is given a name that is considered auspicious, meaningful, and symbolic of the child's future and qualities. During the ceremony, family members and priests recite Vedic mantras and pray to God for the child's healthy and prosperous life. Thus, the naming ceremony marks the auspicious beginning of the child's social, spiritual, and cultural life.
Mantras recited in this Saṁskāra:-
अङ्गादङ्गात्सम्भवसि हृदयादधिजायसे।
आत्मा
वै
पुत्रनामाऽसि स जीव शरदः शतम्।
Transliteration:
aṅgādaṅgātsambhavasi
hṛdayādadhijāyase|
ātmā vai putranāmā’si sa jīva śaradaḥ śatam|
Hindi Translation:
तुम शरीर के
अंग-अंग से उत्पन्न हुए हो और हृदय से निकले हो। तुम मेरी आत्मा हो, केवल मेरे बच्चे कहलाते
हो,
तुम सौ वर्षों तक जीवित रहो।
English Translation:
You were born
from every part of my body and emerged from my heart.
You are my soul itself, just
being called as my child. May you live for a hundred years.
6. निष्क्रमणम्/Niṣkramaṇam/First Exposure -
अर्कस्येक्षा मासि चतुर्थके।
Transliteration:
arkasyekṣā māsi
caturthake|
Hindi Translation:
पहली बार सूर्य का
दर्शन यानी धूप में निकलना चौथे महीने में होना चाहिए।
English Translation:
The first
exposure in the sun should be done in the fourth month.
व्यासस्मृतिः १|१८
The baby's first exposure to sunlight symbolises a new awakening. This ritual is usually performed in the fourth month, or between four and six months after birth. On this occasion, the priest chants Vedic mantras to worship the Sun, the Earth, and the directions, praying for the baby's health, longevity, and well-being. The parents bow the baby slightly toward the sun and offer prayers, allowing the baby to experience the natural environment. Thus, the ritual marks the child's initial introduction to the outside world and the entry of power, light, and balance into their lives.
Mantras recited in this Saṁskāra:-
उद्वयं तमसस्परि ज्योतिष्पश्यन्त उत्तरम्।
देवं देवत्रा सूर्यमगन्म ज्योतिरुत्तमम्॥
Transliteration:
udvayaṃ
tamasaspari jyotiṣpaśyanta uttaram|
devaṃ devatrā sūryamaganma jyotiruttamam||
Hindi Translation:
अंधकार से दूर
श्रेष्ठतम ज्योति को देखते हुए हम ज्योति स्वरूप और देवों में उत्कृष्टतम ज्योति
(सूर्य) को प्राप्त हो।
English Translation:
Looking at
the best light away from darkness, we attain the form of light and the best light
among the gods (Sun).
7. अन्नप्राशनम्/Annaprāśanam/First Solid Food -
षष्ठे मास्यन्नमश्नीयात्।
Transliteration:
ṣaṣṭhe
māsyannamaśnīyāt|
Hindi Translation:
अन्नप्राशन
संस्कार छठे महीने में किया जाता है।
English Translation:
The First
Solid Food Rite is done in the sixth month.
व्यासस्मृतिः १|१८
In this ritual, the baby eats food for the first time. This ritual is usually performed in the child's sixth month, which is considered to symbolise the development of the child's digestive system and the beginning of healthy eating. On this occasion, the priest prays to God for the child's healthy, long, and prosperous life through Vedic mantras and puja rituals. The parents or elders of the family feed the baby rice kheer or other light and sacred food for the first time. Thus, Annaprāśana Saṁskāra celebrates the first taste of food and the auspicious beginning of nutrition in the child's life.
Mantras recited in this Saṁskāra:-
अन्नपतेऽन्नस्य नो देह्यनमीवस्य शुष्मिणः।
प्र प्रदातारं तारिष ऊर्जे नो धेहि द्विपदे चतुष्पदे।
Transliteration:
annapate’nnasya
no dehyanamīvasya śuṣmiṇaḥ |
pra pradātāraṃ tāriṣa ūrje no dhehi dvipade
catuṣpade|
Hindi Translation:
हे अन्न के
देवता! हमें रोगमुक्त और बलदायक अन्न दीजिए।
अन्नदान करने वालों को सुखी रखिए।
यह अन्न हम दो पैरों वाले और चार पैरों वाले प्राणियों को भी शक्ति प्रदान करे।
English Translation:
O Lord
of Food! Give us food that is disease-free and strength-giving.
Keep those
who donate food happy.
May this food provide strength to us two-legged and
other four-legged creatures.
8. चूडाकरणम्/Cūḍākaraṇam/First Hair Cut -
चूडाकर्म द्विजातीनां सर्वेषामेव धर्मतः।
प्रथमेऽब्दे तृतीये वा कर्तव्यं श्रतिचोदनात्॥
Transliteration:
cūḍākarma
dvijātīnāṃ sarveṣāmeva dharmataḥ|
prathame’bde tṛtīye vā kartavyaṃ śraticodanāt||
Hindi Translation:
पहला बाल
कटवाना (मुंडन) पहले या तीसरे वर्ष में (आमतौर पर ब्राह्मण, क्षत्रिय और वैश्य
समुदायों में) वैदिक मंत्रोच्चार के साथ किया जाना चाहिए।
English Translation:
The
first hair cut (shaving off) should be done in the first or third year (usually
in Brahmin,
Kshatriya and Vaishya communities) along with recitation of Vedic chants.
मनुस्मृतिः २|३५
चूडाकर्म कुलोचितम्।
Transliteration:
cūḍākarma
kulocitam|
Hindi Translation:
पहला बाल
कटवाना (मुंडवाना) पारिवारिक परंपरा के अनुसार किया जाना चाहिए।
English Translation:
The
first hair cut (shaving off) should be done according to the family tradition.
The tonsure is performed to remove past impurities and enhance mentality. It is usually performed in the child's first or third year and is intended to purify the body and mind, marking the beginning of a new phase of life. The ritual involves shaving off the child's hair and placing a Shikha (a sacred tuft), considered a symbol of wisdom, spirituality, and rituals. Vedic mantras are chanted, a havan (fire ritual), and the blessings of the gods are invoked. Thus, the Chudakarma ritual symbolises the child's personality development, health, wisdom, and a secure future.
Mantras recited in this Saṁskāra:-
तेन त आयुषे वपामि सुश्लोक्याय स्वस्तये।
Transliteration:
tena ta
āyuṣe vapāmi suślokyāya svastaye|
Hindi Translation:
अब मैं
तुम्हारी दीर्घायु, यश और कल्याण के लिए देवताओं द्वारा प्रयुक्त दिव्य उस्तरे
से तुम्हारा सिर मुंडवाता हूँ।
English Translation:
I
now shave your head with the divine razor used (blessed) by Gods; for your
long life, fame and well-being.
9. कर्णवेधः/Karṇavedhaḥ/Ear Piercing-
कृतचूडे च बाले च कर्णवेधो विधीयते।
Transliteration:
kṛtacūḍe
ca bāle ca karṇavedho vidhīyate|
Hindi Translation:
सिर
मुंडवाने के बाद कान छिदवाए जाते हैं।
English
Translation:
After the shaving of the head, the ears are
pierced.
व्यासस्मृतिः १|१९
Ear piercing is performed to enhance health and spiritual receptivity. This ritual is usually performed in the child's first or third year and is associated with health, beauty, and spiritual significance. In Vedic tradition, Karnavedha is believed to enhance intelligence, memory, and balance the body's energy points. On this occasion, priests perform puja with Vedic mantras and pray to God for the child's longevity, health, and prosperity. Thus, Karnavedha is considered an auspicious and sacred stage in the child's physical, mental, and cultural development.
Mantras recited in this Saṁskāra:-
ॐ भद्रं कर्णेभिः श्रुणुयाम देवाः।
Transliteration:
oṃ
bhadraṃ karṇebhiḥ śruṇuyāma devāḥ|
Hindi Translation:
हे
देवो! हम अपने कानों से शुभ बातें सुनें।
English
Translation:
Oh Gods! May we hear with our ears what is
auspicious.
10. विद्यारम्भः/Vidyārambhaḥ/Beginning of education -
लिपेर्यथावद् ग्रहणेन वाङ्मयं नदीमुखेनेव समुद्रमाविशत्।
Transliteration:
liperyathāvad
grahaṇena vāṅmayaṃ nadīmukheneva samudramāviśat|
Hindi
Translation:
रघु राजा ने वर्णमाला अच्छी तरह सीखने के बाद
वर्णमाला द्वारा वाङ्मय में वैसे ही
प्रवेश किया जैसा कि मगर आदि नदी
के द्वारा समुद्र में प्रवेश करते हैं।
English
Translation:
After learning the alphabet well, King Raghu
entered the literature through the alphabet just as crocodiles etc.
enter the sea through the river.
रघुवंशम् ३|२८
11. उपनयनम् (यज्ञोपवीतम्)/Upanayanam (Yajñopavītam)/Thread Ceremony-
विप्रो गर्भाष्टमे वर्षे क्षत्र एकादशे
तथा।
दादशे वैश्यजातिस्तु व्रतोपनयमर्हति॥
Transliteration:
vipro
garbhāṣṭame varṣe kṣatra ekādaśe tathā|
dādaśe vaiśyajātistu vratopanayamarhati||
Hindi
Translation:
ब्राह्मणों का उपनयन संस्कार आठवें वर्ष में,
क्षत्रियों का ग्यारहवें वर्ष में तथा वैश्यों का बारहवें वर्ष में किया
जाना चाहिए।
English
Translation:
Upanayana should be done in the eighth year
in Brahmins,
in the eleventh year in Kshatriyas and in the twelfth
year in Vaishyas.
व्यासस्मृतिः १|१९-२०
एवं द्विजातिमापन्नो विमुक्तो वान्यदोषतः।
श्रुतिस्मृतिपुराणानां भवेदध्ययनक्षमः॥
Transliteration:
evaṃ
dvijātimāpanno vimukto vānyadoṣataḥ|
śrutismṛtipurāṇānāṃ bhavedadhyayanakṣamaḥ||
Hindi Translation:
इस
प्रकार बालक का जन्म दो बार होता है - एक बार माता के गर्भ से और दूसरी बार
वेदमाता यानी गायत्री मंत्र के जाप से।
फिर वह बालक वेद और स्मृतियाँ
सीखने में सक्षम हो जाता है।
English
Translation:
In this way, the child is born twice - once
from the mother's womb and for the second time by undertaking the
Gāyatrī mantra.
Then the child becomes capable of learning the Vedas
and Smṛtis.
व्यासस्मृतिः १|२३
Thus, upanayana makes the child capable of stepping into higher education i.e. learning the Vedas and Shāstras (Sciences and branches of knowledge). The child earns the title of being a द्विज - who is born twice, once physically and once spiritually.
Mantras recited in this Saṁskāra:-
ॐ यज्ञोपवीतं परमं पवित्रं
प्रजापतेर्यत्सहजं पुरस्तात्।
आयुष्यमग्र्यं प्रतिमुञ्च शुभ्रं यज्ञोपवीतं बलमस्तु तेजः॥
यज्ञोपवीतमसि यज्ञस्य त्वा यज्ञोपवीतेनोपनह्यामि।
Transliteration:
oṃ
yajñopavītaṃ paramaṃ pavitraṃ prajāpateryatsahajaṃ purastāt|
āyuṣyamagryaṃ pratimuñca śubhraṃ yajñopavītaṃ balamastu tejaḥ||
yajñopavītamasi yajñasya tvā yajñopavītenopanahyāmi|
Hindi
Translation:
यह यज्ञोपवीत परम पवित्र है और सृष्टि के
आरंभ में ही प्रजापति से उत्पन्न हुआ है। यह यज्ञोपवीत उत्तम आयुष्य
(दीर्घायु) देने वाला, उज्ज्वल और शुभ है। यह मुझे बल और तेज प्रदान
करे। हे यज्ञोपवीत, यह तुम हो और मैं यज्ञ के लिए तुम्हें यज्ञोपवीत से
धारण करता हूँ।
English
Translation:
This sacred thread is supremely sacred,
born from Prajapati at the very beginning of creation. This sacred
thread bestows long life, is bright and auspicious. May it grant me
strength and radiance. O sacred thread, this is you, and I wear you
with the sacred thread for the yajna.
12. वेदारम्भः/Vedārambhaḥ/Learning Scriptures -
उपनीतो गुरुकुले वसेन्नित्यं समाहितः।
Transliteration:
upanīto
gurukule vasennityaṃ samāhitaḥ|
Hindi
Translation:
उपनयन हो जाने पर गुरु के आश्रम में निवास
करे।
English
Translation:
After Upanayana, one should reside in the
Guru's ashram.
व्यासस्मृतिः १|२४
Entering the Gurukul, the disciple begins Vedic and classical studies under the guidance of a guru. During this ritual, the guru teaches the disciple the first mantras of the Vedas, the alphabet, and the basic methods of study. The purpose of Vedārambha is to instill in a child the values of knowledge, conduct, thought, and high ideals of life. On this occasion, prayers are offered to God for wisdom, memory, and enlightenment through puja, havan, and Vedic mantras. Thus, the Vedārambha Saṁskāra symbolises the auspicious beginning of the disciple's journey of knowledge and spiritual education.
एवमन्वहमभ्यासी ब्रह्मचारी व्रतं
चरेत्।
हितोपवादः प्रियवाक्सम्यग्गुर्वर्थसाधकः॥
Transliteration:
evamanvahamabhyāsī
brahmacārī vrataṃ caret|
hitopavādaḥ priyavāksamyaggurvarthasādhakaḥ||
Hindi
Translation:
प्रतिदिन अभ्यास करता हुआ ब्रह्मचारी
व्रतों का पालन करे और मधुर वाणीसे हितकारी वार्तालाप करे और
भलीभांति से गुरुके कार्यको साधन करता रहे।
English
Translation:
By learning and studying daily, a
celibate should observe the vows and have beneficial
conversations in
sweet words and continue to perform the work of the Guru well.
व्यासस्मृतिः १|३६
13. केशान्तः/Keśāntaḥ/Beard Shaving-
केशान्तः षोडशे वर्षे ब्राह्मणस्य
विधीयते।
राजन्यबन्धोर्द्वाविंशे वैश्यस्य द्व्यधिके ततः॥
Transliteration:
keśāntaḥ
ṣoḍaśe varṣe brāhmaṇasya vidhīyate|
rājanyabandhordvāviṃśe vaiśyasya dvyadhike tataḥ||
Hindi
Translation:
ब्राह्मणों में पहली दाढ़ी १६ वर्ष की
आयु में, क्षत्रियों में २२ वर्ष की आयु में तथा वैश्यों में २४
वर्ष की आयु में बनाई जाती है।
English
Translation:
The first beard shaving is done at
the age of 16 in Brahmins, 22 in Kshatriyas and 24 in Vaishyas.
मनुस्मृतिः २|६५
The first trimming of the beard, a symbol of maturity and restraint. Usually performed during adolescence, it is considered a symbol of entering a new phase of life. This ritual marks the first formal haircut of a student, a sign of physical and mental maturity. During Keshantha, the Guru instructs the disciple on the principles of restraint, virtue, and celibacy, accompanied by havan (fire sacrifice), puja (worship), and chanting of Vedic mantras. The student is encouraged to remain steadfast on the path of self-discipline, knowledge, and duty. Thus, the Keshantha ritual is a sacred symbol of the beginning of youth and the adherence to high ideals and self-restraint in life.
उपकुर्व्वाणको यस्तु द्विजः
षड्विंशवार्षिकः।
केशान्तकर्मणा तत्र यथोक्तचरितव्रतः॥
Transliteration:
upakurvvāṇako
yastu dvijaḥ ṣaḍviṃśavārṣikaḥ|
keśāntakarmaṇā tatra yathoktacaritavrataḥ|
Hindi
Translation:
जो छब्बीस वर्षका ब्राह्मण केशान्त
कर्म से शास्त्रोक्त व्रतों का पालन करता हे उसे उपकुर्वाणक कहते
है।
English
Translation:
A twenty-six year old Brahmin who
observes the prescribed vows with calmness is called
Upakurvāṇaka.
व्यासस्मृतिः १|४२
14. समावर्तनम्/Samāvartanam/Completion of Education -
समाप्य वेदान्वेदौ वा वेदं वा
प्रसभं द्विजः।
स्नायीत गुर्वनुज्ञातः प्रवृत्तोदितदक्षिणः॥
Transliteration:
samāpya
vedānvedau vā vedaṃ vā prasabhaṃ dvijaḥ|
snāyīta gurvanujñātaḥ pravṛttoditadakṣiṇaḥ||
Hindi
Translation:
चारों वेद या दो वेद अथवा एक ही वेद का
अध्ययन समाप्त करके गुरु की आज्ञासे अपनी शक्तिके अनुसार दक्षिणा
दे कर स्नान - गृहस्थाश्रम में जाने के लिए समावर्तन संस्कार करें।
English
Translation:
After completing the study of all
four Vedas or two Vedas or one Veda, with the permission of the
Guru, give Dakshina as per your capacity and perform the rite of
Graduation - Samavartan to enter Grihastha Ashram.
व्यासस्मृतिः १|४३
This is considered the final educational ceremony, performed after
completion of education at the Gurukul. The purpose of this ceremony
is to prepare the student for the practical, social, and familial
responsibilities of life. During the Samavartan, the student bathes
and receives the Guru's blessings, who instructs him on the
principles of dharma, duty, truth, and ethical conduct . On this
occasion, the student vows to return to society and use his
knowledge for the welfare of the people, his family,
and his life's progress. Thus, the Samāvartana ceremony is
considered an auspicious symbol of the completion of education and
the beginning of family life.
गुरु शुद्धि और दीक्षा के प्रतीक के रूप में शिष्य को जल से
स्नान कराते हैं, आश्रम छोड़ने के बाद भावी जीवन के लिए निर्देश के रूप
में निम्नलिखित श्लोक पढ़ते हैं और शिष्य को आशीर्वाद देते हैं।
The preceptor bathes the pupil with water as a symbol of
purification and graduation, recites the following verses as
instructions for future life after leaving the āśrama and blesses
the pupil.
Mantras recited in this Saṁskāra:-
सत्यं वद। धर्मं चर। स्वाध्यायान्मा प्रमदः। आचार्याय प्रियं धनमाहृत्य प्रजातन्तुं मा व्यवच्छेत्सीः। सत्यान्न प्रमदितव्यम्। धर्मान्न प्रमदितव्यम्। कुशलान्न प्रमदितव्यम्। भूत्यै न प्रमदितव्यम्। स्वाध्यायप्रवचनाभ्यां न प्रमदितव्यम्। देवपितृकार्याभ्यां न प्रमदितव्यम्। मातृदेवो भव। पितृदेवो भव। आचार्यदेवो भव। अतिथिदेवो भव। यान्यनवद्यानि कर्माणि। तानि सेवितव्यानि। नो इतराणि। यान्यस्माकं सुचरितानि। तानि त्वयोपास्यानि। नो इतराणि।
Transliteration:
satyaṃ
vada| dharmaṃ cara| svādhyāyānmā pramadaḥ| ācāryāya priyaṃ
dhanamāhṛtya prajātantuṃ mā vyavacchetsīḥ| satyānna
pramaditavyam| dharmānna pramaditavyam| kuśalānna
pramaditavyam| bhūtyai na pramaditavyam|
svādhyāyapravacanābhyāṃ na pramaditavyam|
devapitṛkāryābhyāṃ na pramaditavyam| mātṛdevo bhava|
pitṛdevo bhava| ācāryadevo bhava| atithidevo bhava|
yānyanavadyāni karmāṇi| tāni sevitavyāni| no itarāṇi|
yānyasmākaṃ sucaritāni| tāni tvayopāsyāni| no itarāṇi|
Hindi
Translation:
सत्य बोलो और अपना कर्तव्य करो।
वेदों का अध्ययन करना न भूलें। जब आप अपने गुरु को उनकी
अपेक्षित देन अर्पित कर दें, तो सावधानी से अपने वंश को आगे
बढ़ाएँ। सत्य, कर्तव्य, अपने कल्याण, या अपनी उन्नति और सफलता
के मामले में ढिलाई न बरतें। वेदों के अध्ययन और अध्यापन में
लापरवाही न बरतें। देवताओं या अपने पूर्वजों के प्रति अपने
उत्तरदायित्वों की उपेक्षा न करें। अपने पिता का सम्मान देवता
के समान और अपनी माता का देवी के समान करें। अपने गुरु का
सम्मान देवता के समान करें, और अपने घर आए किसी भी अतिथि के
साथ वैसा ही आदरपूर्वक व्यवहार करें। ऐसे कर्म करें जिन्हें
लोग अच्छा और दोषरहित मानते हैं - किसी और बात की चिंता न
करें। हमने जो अच्छे, धर्मी कर्म किए हैं, उनका पालन करें;
उन्हें अपना जीवन-पद्धति बनाएँ।
English
Translation:
Speak the truth and do your duty.
Don’t neglect studying the Vedas. When you’ve offered your
teacher the gifts he requires, continue your family line
with care. Don’t slack off when it comes to truth, duty,
your own well-being, or your growth and success. Don’t
neglect learning and teaching the Vedas. Don’t neglect your
responsibilities to the Gods or to your ancestors. Respect
your father as you would a god, and your mother as you would
a goddess. Honor your teacher as a god, and treat any guest
in your home with the same respect. Do the kinds of actions
that people consider good and blameless - don’t bother with
anything else. Follow the good,
righteous deeds we’ve practiced; let those be your way of
life.
तैत्तिरीयोपनिषद् १|११|१
15. विवाहः/Vivāhaḥ/Marriage -
एवं स्नातकतां प्राप्तो
दितीयाश्रमकाङ्क्षया।
प्रतीक्षेत विवाहार्थमनिन्द्यान्वयसम्भवाम्॥
Transliteration:
evaṃ
snātakatāṃ prāpto ditīyāśramakāṅkṣayā|
pratīkṣeta vivāhārthamanindyānvayasambhavām||
Hindi
Translation:
इस प्रकार वेदाध्ययन पूर्ण करके
गुरु की आज्ञासे स्नातकताको प्राप्त हो कर गृहस्थाश्रमकी
अभिलाषा करने वाला ब्राह्मण पवित्र वंश में उत्पन्न हुई
कन्याके साथ विवाह करे॥
English
Translation:
Thus, after completing the study
of Vedas and attaining the degree of graduation with the
permission of the Guru, a Brahmin who desires to live a
householder's life should marry a girl born in a pious
lineage.
व्यासस्मृतिः २|१
sacred union of marriage for dharma, progeny, and harmony. It is considered the beginning of a sacred social and religious obligation. Through this ritual, the bride and groom take a vow of lifelong togetherness, witnessing the seven rounds, Saptapadi, mantras, and fire. Marriage is not just the union of two individuals, but a union of two families and two cultures. On this occasion, with Vedic mantras, havans, and blessings, a pledge is taken to maintain love, respect, patience, and virtue in married life. Thus, the marriage ceremony symbolises the sacred beginning of responsibility, cooperation, and family formation in life.
Mantras recited in this Saṁskāra:-
ॐ इषे एकपदी भव॥१॥
ॐ ऊर्ज्जे द्विपदी भव॥२॥
ॐ रायस्पोषाय त्रिपदी भव॥३॥
ॐ मायोभव्याय चतुष्पदी भव॥४॥
ॐ प्रजाभ्यः पञ्चपदी भव॥५॥
ॐ ऋतुभ्यः षट्पदी भव॥६॥
ॐ सखा सप्तपदी भव॥७॥
Transliteration:
oṃ
iṣe ekapadī bhava||1||
oṃ ūrjje dvipadī bhava||2||
oṃ rāyaspoṣāya tripadī bhava||3||
oṃ māyobhavyāya catuṣpadī bhava||4||
oṃ prajābhyaḥ pañcapadī bhava||5||
oṃ ṛtubhyaḥ ṣaṭpadī bhava||6||
oṃ sakhā saptapadī bhava||7||
Hindi
Translation:
आओ हम अपना पहला कदम दृढ़ता के
लिए रखें। दूसरा चरण ऊर्जावान जीवन के लिए।
तीसरा चरण समृद्धि के लिए।
चौथा कदम सौभाग्य के लिए।
पांचवा कदम हमारे बच्चों के लिए।
छठा चरण आने वाले सभी ऋतुओं के लिए।
सातवा कदम हमेशा के लिए दोस्त के रूप में रहने के लिए।
English
Translation:
Let us take our first step
together for strength. Our second step for an energetic
life.
Third step for prosperity.
Fourth step for happiness.
Fifth step for progeny.
Sixth step for all the seasons to come.
Seventh step for being friends forever.
आश्वलायन-गृह्यसूत्रम् १|७|१९
16. अन्त्येष्टिः/Antyeṣṭiḥ/Final Rites -
निषेकादिश्मशानान्तो मन्त्रैर्यस्योदितो विधिः।
Transliteration:
niṣekādiśmaśānānto
mantrairyasyodito vidhiḥ|
Hindi
Translation:
शरीर का आरम्भ ऋतुदान और अंत
श्मशान में अर्थात् अंत्येष्टि संस्कार है।
English
Translation:
The beginning of the body is
conception and the end is in the crematorium i.e. the
Last Rites.
मनुस्मृतिः २|१६
Mantras recited in this Saṁskāra:-
सूर्यं॒ चक्षु॑र्गच्छतु॒
वात॑मा॒त्मा द्यां च॑ गच्छ पृथि॒वीं च॒ धर्म॑णा।
अ॒पो वा॑ गच्छ॒ यदि॒ तत्र॑ ते हि॒तमोष॑धीषु॒ प्रति॑
तिष्ठा॒ शरी॑रैः॥
Transliteration:
sūryaṁ
cakṣur gacchatu vātam ātmā dyāṁ ca gaccha pṛthivīṁ ca
dharmaṇā|
apo vā gaccha yadi tatra te hitam oṣadhīṣu prati tiṣṭhā
śarīraiḥ||
Hindi
Translation:
मृत्यु के पश्चात् शरीर
अपने-अपने कारण पदार्थों में लीन हो जाता है और आत्मा अपने
कर्मानुसार प्रकाशवान, जलमय, पृथ्वीमय लोकों तथा वृक्ष आदि
जड़ योनियों में पहुँचती है।
English
Translation:
After death, the body gets
absorbed in its respective causal substances and the
soul, according to its own karma, reaches the luminous,
watery, earthly worlds and the inert forms of trees etc.
ऋग्वेद १०|१६|३
ऐसे मंत्रों के जाप के साथ अंत्येष्टि संस्कार पूरा होता है।
